Retraimiento social en la primera infancia
implicaciones en el desarrollo del psiquismo
Palabras clave:
retraimiento, diagnóstico, relación madre-bebé, desarrollo tempranoResumen
El psiquismo del bebé está preestructurado por conocimientos básicos que proporcionan los fundamentos para la representación del otro y el entorno, pero se estructura a través de la interacción del bebé con sus cuidadores. El psiquismo se concibe desde una posición constructivista según la cual se considera que no existen preestructuras neuróticas, psicóticas o incluso
autísticas, sino que las estructuras aparecen como adaptaciones a los flujos de interacción entre el bebé y los padres, y de acuerdo a las dificultades del proceso de sincronización en las interacciones precoces padres-bebé. La importancia de detectar el retraimiento social de manera temprana radica en el hecho de que afecta la principal capacidad del bebé para la curiosidad y la búsqueda de contacto social. El retraimiento es concebido como un mecanismo de defensa frente a la falta de sincronía y ante las
transgresiones repetidas y constantes en la interacción del bebé con sus cuidadores. Sin embargo, el retraimiento induce al bebé a una posición de espera que afectará al desarrollo de la capacidad de intersubjetividad. Estudios longitudinales muestran el efecto del retraimiento social sostenido sobre el desarrollo del lenguaje, la regulación emocional y el comportamiento, producto de haber estado demasiado tiempo en la posición de retraimiento durante la primera infancia.
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